I can't believe I never had to read Zizek in all of my religion courses. Just started The Puppet and The Dwarf. it gets right at some central issues of modernity.
Intro: The Puppet Called Theology
"religion is no longer fully integrated into and identified with a particular cultural life-form, but acquires autonomy, so that it can survive as the same religion in different cultures." This allows a religion to globalize itself. Of course, there are still individual cultures that do integrate and identify with their religion, but he is speaking of the generalized secular worldview, at least since the Enlightenment (age of Reason). Here, the price for this globalizing ability is that religion comes to be viewed as epiphenomenal, a kind of modular organ than can be grafted onto or conceptually removed from a social organism without really altering its fundamental constitution. Religion has two roles in this system: "therapeutic or critical." It can be a tool for subjective individuals to cope with their lives ("I may not believe in God, but I know religion can help some people tremendously"), or it can be a kind of tool for social forces to critique the existing socio-political order (a theater for discourse). This seems to be a pretty accurate dichotomy - it catches the ways most intellectual people think of religion.
The effect of the triumph of Reason is to: de-emphasize rituals, traditions, dogmas, etc as irrational, non-essential cultural ballast. The integrated, organic mode of religion falls apart as these historical artifacts come to be "alienated" from the individual who no longer takes them for granted, but subjects them to the criteria of Reason. the authority of these rules (representing a universalized morality) is then logically questioned, and what remains is a kind of essentialist, emotional, feelings-based "sense" of morality or the divine or what-have-you, divorced from culture and tradition. But this emotional sense is also subject to Reason's criticism, and seems irrational too. So, why then does religion persist if it fails the test of rationality on both fronts? "The standard answer is: rational philosophy or science is esoteric, confined to a small circle; it cannot replace religion in its function" of maintaining socio-political order. So we are left with a functionalist explanation of religion emphasizing control of the masses. But this doesn't seem sufficient, for religion is too heterogenous in the modern world, and many people don't know what they believe.
Zizek wants to begin by exploring the "unwritten prohibitions that define the position one is allowed to adopt." He says one is supposed to harbor a kind of amorphous, ineffable "deep spirituality" or at least open-mindedness. "Consequently, when, today, one directly asks an intellectual: 'OK, let's cut the crap and get down to basics: do you believe in some form of the divine or not?," the first answer is an embarrassed withdrawal... then usually explained in more 'theoretical' terms: "That is the wrong question to ask! It is not simply a matter of believing or not, but, rather, a matter of certain radical experience, or the ability to open oneself to a certain unheard-of dimension, of the way our openness to radical Otherness allows us to adopt a specific ethical stance...' What we are getting today is a kind of 'suspended' belief, a belief that can thrive only as not fully (publicly) admitted, as a private obscene secret." In this case, it seems even more of the "right question to ask" is: do you believe in something or not? What is desired is not equivocation, but a declaration of the taking of a position.
Zizek wonders if there was ever a time when most people "really believed." He discusses the archetypal "primitive" tribe who is criticized and called naive by anthropologists for believing they had descended from a magical bird or other totem animal. But did the individuals really "directly" believe this, or did they just indirectly accept it as part of culture, as we implicitly accept the existence of Santa Claus by putting up a Christmas tree every year? The anthropologists in question here seem to be imposing their understanding of "belief" on the tribesmen - their "modern" understanding of belief, as being something "Other" people do because they lack a rational, critical perspective. Perhaps then, belief is not necessarily a direct affirmation of an ultimate truth, but rather a kind of polite acceptance of a cultural norm that takes the form of acting "as if" one really believes. This puts the very act of "deconstruction" into question as a hallmark of skepticism, for it relies on the perhaps mythical figure of an "Other" who "really believes" (constructed as a kind of straw-man by the one doing the deconstructing).
"The postmodern need for the permanent use of the devices of ironic distantiation (quotation marks, etc) betrays the underlying fear that, without them, belief would be direct and immediate..."
Does this skeptical criticism, deconstruction, and automatic distancing of intellectuals actually then indicate a secret belief or at least uncertainty about disbelief? Does the scholar's choice of subject matter betray a subterranean belief system, or is merely an artifact of socialization within a specific culture?
So this is what religion in a secular society may be all about. "Culture" is the "central life-world category" of how we think about the world we live in, and "when it comes to religion, we no longer 'really believe' today, we just follow (some) religious rituals and mores as part of respect for the 'lifestyle' of the community to which we belong (nonbelieving Jews obeying kosher rules 'out of respect for tradition' etc)."
So, perhaps "culture" is just a name for all those things we practice without really believing in them or "taking them seriously." Is science separate from culture then? Is this why fundamentalists who profess to "really believe" in religion are sometimes viewed as "barbarians" who threaten culture by daring to take their beliefs seriously?
Then Zizek begins to apply all this thinking to the case of Christianity, calling attention to its early days, its split from Judaism, the meaning of Paul's work, Gnosticism, the Holy Spirit as symbolic, ideal-plane envoy, and more...